undate is a python library for working with uncertain or partially known dates.
Note
This is beta software; it is still in development and not fully feature complete. If you use it, please let us know and share your feedback.
Currently undate supports parsing, formatting, and reasoning with dates in varying precision and calendars; dates with different precision and from different original calendars can be used together. Supported formats include:
- portions of EDTF (Extended Date Time Format)
- ISO8601
- parsing and calendar conversion for dates in Hebrew Anno Mundi and Islamic Hijri calendars
- Gregorian dates with full or abbreviated month names in any order for multiple languages (English, Spanish, French, German, Kinyarwanda, Ganda, Tigrinya)
- Christian liturgical dates (fixed holidays and movable feasts)
For unambiguous dates, there is an experimental omnibus parser which combines all available dates (bare years are currently assumed to be Gregorian calendar).
For more about the origin and goals of undate, read our 2025 software paper:
Rebecca Sutton Koeser, Julia Damerow, Robert Casties, and Cole Crawford. “Undate: Humanistic Dates for Computation.” Computational Humanities Research, August 5, 2025.
Project documentation is available on ReadTheDocs.
Recommended: use pip to install the latest published version from PyPI:
pip install undateTo install a development version or specific tag or branch, you can install from GitHub.
Use the @name notation to specify the branch or tag; e.g., to install development version:
pip install git+https://github.com/dh-tech/undate-python@develop#egg=undateOften humanities and cultural data include imprecise or uncertain temporal information. We want to store that information but also work with it in a structured way, not just treat it as text for display. Different projects may need to work with or convert between different date formats or even different calendars.
An undate.Undate is analogous to python’s builtin datetime.date
object, but with support for varying degrees of precision and unknown
information. You can initialize an Undate with either strings or
numbers for whichever parts of the date are known or partially known.
An Undate can take an optional label.
from undate import Undate
november7 = Undate(2000, 11, 7)
november = Undate(2000, 11)
year2k = Undate(2000)
november7_some_year = Undate(month=11, day=7)
partially_known_year = Undate("19XX")
partially_known_month = Undate(2022, "1X")
easter1916 = Undate(1916, 4, 23, label="Easter 1916")You can convert an Undate to string using a date formatter (current default is ISO8601):
>>> [str(d) for d in [november7, november, year2k, november7_some_year]]
['2000-11-07', '2000-11', '2000', '--11-07']If enough information is known, an Undate object can report on its duration:
>>> december = Undate(2000, 12)
>>> feb_leapyear = Undate(2024, 2)
>>> feb_regularyear = Undate(2023, 2)
>>> for d in [november7, november, december, year2k, november7_some_year, feb_regularyear, feb_leapyear]:
... print(f"{d} - duration in days: {d.duration().days}")
...
2000-11-07 - duration in days: 1
2000-11 - duration in days: 30
2000-12 - duration in days: 31
2000 - duration in days: 366
--11-07 - duration in days: 1
2023-02 - duration in days: 28
2024-02 - duration in days: 29If enough of the date is known and the precision supports it, you can check if one date falls within another date:
>>> november7 = Undate(2000, 11, 7)
>>> november2000 = Undate(2000, 11)
>>> year2k = Undate(2000)
>>> ad100 = Undate(100)
>>> november7 in november
True
>>> november2000 in year2k
True
>>> november7 in year2k
True
>>> november2000 in ad100
False
>>> november7 in ad100
FalseFor dates that are imprecise or partially known, undate calculates
earliest and latest possible dates for comparison purposes so you can
sort dates and compare with equals, greater than, and less than. You
can also compare with python datetime.date objects.
>>> november7_2020 = Undate(2020, 11, 7)
>>> november_2001 = Undate(2001, 11)
>>> year2k = Undate(2000)
>>> ad100 = Undate(100)
>>> sorted([november7_2020, november_2001, year2k, ad100])
[undate.Undate(year=100, calendar="Gregorian"), undate.Undate(year=2000, calendar="Gregorian"), undate.Undate(year=2001, month=11, calendar="Gregorian"), undate.Undate(year=2020, month=11, day=7, calendar="Gregorian")]
>>> november7_2020 > november_2001
True
>>> year2k < ad100
False
>>> from datetime import date
>>> year2k > date(2001, 1, 1)
FalseWhen dates cannot be compared due to ambiguity or precision, comparison
methods raise a NotImplementedError.
>>> november_2020 = Undate(2020, 11)
>>> november7_2020 > november_2020
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
File "/Users/rkoeser/workarea/github/undate-python/src/undate/undate.py", line 262, in __gt__
return not (self < other or self == other)
File "/Users/rkoeser/workarea/github/undate-python/src/undate/undate.py", line 245, in __lt__
raise NotImplementedError(
NotImplementedError: Can't compare when one date falls within the otherAn UndateInterval is a date range between two Undate objects.
Intervals can be open-ended, allow for optional labels, and can
calculate duration if enough information is known. UndateIntervals
are inclusive (i.e., a closed interval), and include both the earliest
and latest date as part of the range.
>>> from undate import UndateInterval
>>> UndateInterval(Undate(1900), Undate(2000))
undate.UndateInterval(earliest=undate.Undate(year=1900, calendar="Gregorian"), latest=undate.Undate(year=2000, calendar="Gregorian"))
>>> UndateInterval(Undate(1801), Undate(1900), label="19th century")
undate.UndateInterval(earliest=undate.Undate(year=1801, calendar="Gregorian"), latest=undate.Undate(year=1900, calendar="Gregorian"), label="19th century")
>>> UndateInterval(Undate(1801), Undate(1900), label="19th century").duration().days
36524
>>> UndateInterval(Undate(1901), Undate(2000), label="20th century")
undate.UndateInterval(earliest=undate.Undate(year=1901, calendar="Gregorian"), latest=undate.Undate(year=2000, calendar="Gregorian"), label="20th century")
>>> UndateInterval(latest=Undate(2000)) # before 2000
undate.UndateInterval(latest=undate.Undate(year=2000, calendar="Gregorian"))
>>> UndateInterval(Undate(1900)) # after 1900
undate.UndateInterval(earliest=undate.Undate(year=1900, calendar="Gregorian"))
>>> UndateInterval(Undate(1900), Undate(2000), label="19th century").duration().days
36890
>>> UndateInterval(Undate(2000, 1, 1), Undate(2000, 1,31)).duration().days
31You can initialize Undate or UndateInterval objects by parsing a
date string with a specific converter, and you can also output an
Undate object in those formats. Currently available converters
are "ISO8601" and "EDTF" and supported calendars.
>>> from undate import Undate
>>> Undate.parse("2002", "ISO8601")
undate.Undate(year=2002, calendar="Gregorian")
>>> Undate.parse("2002-05", "EDTF")
undate.Undate(year=2002, month=5, calendar="Gregorian")
>>> Undate.parse("--05-03", "ISO8601")
undate.Undate(month=5, day=3, calendar="Gregorian")
>>> Undate.parse("--05-03", "ISO8601").format("EDTF")
'XXXX-05-03'
>>> Undate.parse("1800/1900", format="EDTF")
undate.UndateInterval(earliest=undate.Undate(year=1800, calendar="Gregorian"), latest=undate.Undate(year=1900, calendar="Gregorian"))All Undate objects are calendar aware, and date converters include
support for parsing and working with dates from other calendars. The
Gregorian calendar is used by default; currently undate supports the
Islamic Hijri calendar and the Hebrew Anno Mundi calendar based on
calendar conversion logic implemented in the
convertdate package.
Dates are stored with the year, month, day and appropriate precision for the original calendar; internally, earliest and latest dates are calculated in Gregorian / Proleptic Gregorian calendar for standardized comparison across dates from different calendars.
>>> from undate import Undate
>>> tammuz4816 = Undate.parse("26 Tammuz 4816", "Hebrew")
>>> tammuz4816
undate.Undate(year=4816, month=4, day=26, label="26 Tammuz 4816 Anno Mundi", calendar="Hebrew")
>>> rajab495 = Undate.parse("Rajab 495", "Islamic")
>>> rajab495
undate.Undate(year=495, month=7, label="Rajab 495 Islamic", calendar="Islamic")
>>> y2k = Undate.parse("2001", "EDTF")
>>> y2k
undate.Undate(year=2001, calendar="Gregorian")
>>> [str(d.earliest) for d in [rajab495, tammuz4816, y2k]]
['1102-04-28', '1056-07-17', '2001-01-01']
>>> [str(d.precision) for d in [rajab495, tammuz4816, y2k]]
['MONTH', 'DAY', 'YEAR']
>>> sorted([rajab495, tammuz4816, y2k])
[undate.Undate(year=4816, month=4, day=26, label="26 Tammuz 4816 Anno Mundi", calendar="Hebrew"), undate.Undate(year=495, month=7, label="Rajab 495 Islamic", calendar="Islamic"), undate.Undate(year=2001, calendar="Gregorian")]For more examples, refer to the code notebooks included in the examples directory in this repository.
Project documentation is available on ReadTheDocs.
For instructions on setting up for local development, see Developer Notes.
See Contributors for more detailed information about contributors.
- Rebecca Sutton Koeser, Julia Damerow, Robert Casties, and Cole Crawford. “Undate: Humanistic Dates for Computation.” Software paper published in Computational Humanities Research, August 5, 2025.
- Rebecca Sutton Koeser. “Undate: Computing with Uncertain and Partially-Unknown Dates.” Computational notebook presented at USRSE’25. October 6, 2025.
- Rebecca Sutton Koeser. “Undate in Action.” Presentation at Digital Humanities Tech Symposium, DH2025. July 14, 2025.
- Rebecca Sutton Koeser. 2025. “Undate in Action.” In Digital Humanities Tech Symposium 2025—Anthology of Computers and the Humanities, edited by Julia Damerow and Rebecca Sutton Koeser, vol. 2.
- Rebecca Sutton Koeser. Join me for a DHTech hackathon? It’s an un-date! DHTech, February 9, 2023.
- ISO8601 date support and dates with unknown years, including duration, adapted from Shakespeare and Company Project (codebase)
- Parsing and calendar conversion for Hebrew Anno Mundi and Islamic Hijri calendars adapted from Princeton Geniza Project (PGP) (codebase); improved and verified with data and logic from the Islamic Scientific Manuscripts Initiative (ISMI)
- Parsing for dates in African languages inspired by work on and partially checked against data from MasakhaNER
- Parsing and calendar conversion for Christian liturgical holidays adapted from work on Hale/Eliot Letters project
This software is licensed under the Apache 2.0 License.